Dr. Shapiro is a graduate of Williams College and the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry. He did a General Surgery Residency at Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School in Boston, and a post-doctoral fellowship in Immunology at HMS. He performed kidney and pancreas transplants, and translational research in immunosuppression for 30 years. He developed an interest in transplant ethics, and has served on both national and international transplant ethics committees. His current scholarly work is at the intersection of end-of-life care, determination of death, and organ donation.